IOT Based Energy System in a Facts of Principle Intrusion on Power Administration

Introduction

Electricity is vital to any country and energy manufacturing businesses focusing incredibly on generation, transmission, and distribution. Due to growing demand, restrained resources, speedy depletion, and the growing value of harnessing the resources there is shortage in the transmission of power and its supply [1]. Hence it will become vital to characteristic a unique reputation to power conservation with inside the world. Thus, power conservation is vital for the low-cost strength generation. Energy conservation does no longer imply curtailment in power use. The powerful utilization of power resources. Domestically, in mild of the growing value of strength and the Global Warming campaigns to lessen well-known energy utilization, there’s a developing hobby in reading energy intake in households [2]. By reading the energy utilization of every person’s equipment separately, greater correct conclusions may be drawn on their performance and want for replacement. Furthermore, this could additionally decide whether or not equipment is drawing unusually excessive quantities of energy. In the prevailing scenario, there’s no choice for the power board to adjust the burden distribution for the during top hours. As a result, even today, some clients are struggling because of low voltage for the during peak hours. A huge amount of money is spent on acquiring the meter readings each month [3]. Meter reading is hard to acquire from far-off areas. The wi-fi power meter product specification is the power meter with elevated capability section handheld module tracking system. In the present system, power readings are measured manually and it leads to many manual errors [4]. There will be losses both for Electrical Board and also for the consumers. In the event of losses in the power meters, the readings measured are not accurate. Power cut has to be done manually in the case of lack of payment. Work is delayed due to the requirement of huge man power. In this paper a method has been proposed to monitor and to control the power usage in household systems. It is possible to limit the power supply to houses by pre-default setting the value to be consumed, so that the energy can be managed by limiting [5]. An added advantage is that the power control can be achieved wirelessly by both the Electrical Board and also by the consumer. A webpage is developed to monitor the power usage and SMS notification is directly sent to the GSM Module [6]. Accurate measurements are recorded using ARDUINO. At the power provider end, control to change the priority of the devices in case of low power generation (Fig. 1).

2. Literature survey

[1]. J. Han et al. Discusses the methods to monitor the energy utilization of individual houses. PV system is connected to individual house to monitor energy use and assigns energy according to the requirement.

[2]. J. E. G. Salas et al. Discusses the method used to develop Smart switch to control power consuming devices through internet. Smart switch can be connected through Wi-Fi and all the devices with internet access can be controlled.

[3]. M. M. Islam et al. Discusses the methodology to sample voltage and current using microcontroller with energy systems. To control the entire system a low cost ATMEGA Controller is used, so that the voltage and current can be sampled easily.

[4]. Vivek Kumar Sehgal et al. Discusses a method so that user can easily pay electricity bill with a single code on the meter. Just like Postpaid mobile with user friendly front end which can be used by everyone. [5]. Syed Khizar Ali Zaidi et al. Discusses the method to overcome the troubles that consumer face while paying bills and also the problem of overbilling. Over charging can be handled using the electronic metering system in remote areas to pay bills online and overcome the problem of over billing.

[6]. Michael Angelo A. Pedrasa et al. Discusses the methodology to schedule available Distributed Energy resources(DER) . Comparing costs of end users. support tool is arithmetically enhanced to optimize the electrical energy acquisition of residential consumers.

[7]. Amir-Hamed Mohsenian-Rad et al. Discusses the methodology of reducing the waiting time for real time pricing, from each appliance. Automatic energy consumption and optimal framework which achieves trade-off between waiting time of operation and minimizing cost of electricity in houses with real time pricing is used.

[8]. Tanmoy Maity et al. Discusses the method to accumulate more accurate readings. Manufacturing cost can be reduced and more timely information can be obtained. Using ZigBee network for distant wireless metering and man power is not involved in billing the meters and taking readings.

3. Methodology

This project, in overload conditions turns OFF and turns ON the load automatically without any human intervention, if the supplied current is less than the threshold voltage. The important apparatuses used in this project are ATMEGA 328 micro controller, GSM (SIM 800C) module and current and potential transformers [10]. It is a low power-based CMOS 8bit micro controller, which is designed using RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) architecture so that it can execute the programs very fast. In this project this micro controller is chosen upon Raspberry Pi and others because of low power consumption and it is also cost effective. It has the ability to perform instructions provided within a single clock cycle enabling the designer to optimize the power consumption. It has a memory of 32 Kb but it can be used in so many applications and it has many power saving modes so that it can be used in mobile embedded systems. In this project there is less scope of human intervention. This micro controller has a watch dog timer which can reset automatically in case of an error. The programming part can be done using Arduino IDE software. Generally, the use of an GSM Module is for communication purposes. In this project SIM 800C is used to send a message to the user in case of any overload to the household appliances [7]. It operates in the frequencies ranging from 800 MHz to 1800 MHz. The size of this module is very small such that it can be used in many applications. It is designed with a power saving procedure so that the current consumption is around 0.8 mA in sleep mode. It has two SIM cards interface, supports Bluetooth, has an USB interface used for debugging and upgrading firmware [9]. It provides all the necessary hardware interfaces between the module and user boards. The main purpose of Arduino Ethernet Shield is to provide internet connectivity to the Arduino UNO Board. Data can be sent and received because of the internet connection. This board has also an in-built SD card, so that it is possible to read and write data using SD library [8]. This shield is dependent on Wiznet W1500 chip ethernet. It has an internal space buffer of 16kB. Network IP Stack is provided because of this chip and it supports both TCP and UDP protocols. To connect with network a RJ-45 cable is required. It has low input noise and ripple. It also protects the Arduino UNO board in case of any overload conditions (Tables 1 and 2).

From the above block diagram, it is inferred that the whole project is mainly dependent on Current and Potential transformers. The main aim of this project is to turn ON and OFF the load without any human intervention. To predict any overload conditions these CT and PT play an important role [7]. The main use of these transformers are they can measure high levels of current and voltage without being disrupted. Load will be directly connected to current and potential transformers. According to the readings the Arduino will perform the instructions according to the code. The working of the Arduino code is explained below. In this Project, we have used Arduino Uno and Arduino IDE for programming the Arduino. An LCD is used to display the current, voltage and power values. In several Arduino-based embedded system ventures, the LCD module is essential. The LCD Module is designed to run in four-bit mode. A built-in resource in Arduino called < Liquid Crystal.h> – which is developed for LCD modules that use the Hitachi HD44780 modem – is used to link the Arduino and the LCD mod-

Table 1

Readings of current, voltage and power.

ule. This module manages LCD wiring in both 4 and 8-bit modes. And next, the Software Serial Library is imported

(#include < Software Serial.h > ). Serial communication is supported by Arduino hardware on pins 0 and 1. The native serial support can be provided by a UART (built into the chip). SPI library (#include < SPI.h > ) is imported. This library helps to communicate with Serial Peripheral Interface devices, with the Arduino. The Ethernet library (#include < Ethernet.h > ) is also imported. This library is Programmed to connect and work with the Arduino Ethernet Shield. This library connects the Arduino board to the Internet. In the next part, all the variables that are needed in the code are intialized. We initialized different variables for different parameters for storing the readings of current, voltage, power, etc. differently. Initialization is done for getting the data from the sensors and providing them to the Arduino. We used float datatype for getting the accurate values and calculating the output in float type will give us more accurate values than integer values. After initialization, the LCD pin numbers are uploaded into the code. Then the IP address of the ethernet is given and the Mac address is also provided and then the ethernet server is initiated and a default server port (80) value is given. Next the server will start and it goes into pin mode. It is important to clear the lcd display and set the cursor to the 0,1 position. LCD.Clear () command is used for clearing the screen. Now loop is initiated and current is taken as a input from the sensor and the analog signal is converted into digital signal and amperes are calculated from the input signal and the voltage signal is read from input2 and the voltage value is calculated from the raw input. Power is calculated from the current and voltage values. These all values are to be displayed on the screen. So, LCD Print statement is used and after every display the screen is cleared and the courser is set to (0,1) position.

The load is switched off and the circuit is broken if the ampere value is greater than the preset value, the light will not glow and a message will be displayed on the screen and the message is sent to the mobile through GSM module. To pick the GSM/GPRS modem or mobile phone operating mode, the AT command + CMGF is employed. One parameter is needed. The value of the parameter can be either 0 or 1. Both the SMS PDU format and the SMS text format use the values 0 and 1. The SMS PDU format is the default format if it is introduced on a mobile device. The circuit is closed if the value of current is not greater than the threshold value, and the appliances will function as expected. For calculating the amount of power used for a certain period of time we need to take the input continuously and add all the values and we will get the amount of power used and for calculating the time ‘‘mills” function is used. The total current used is multiplied with the per watt price of

Table 2 Readings at T1, T2 and T3.

the electricity and the amount is displayed and sent to the mobile through SMS. Now the voltage at the transformers are calculated and three transformers are used in this project. All the voltages from the transformers are calculated and the values are compared against the threshold values and if the voltage in ‘‘TR1” is greater than the threshold value then the voltage value and the information about the transformer are sent to the mobile through SMS. And the information is sent to the webpage. The same process is applicable both at the ‘‘TR2” and ‘‘TR3”. After getting all the values, they are saved and the local server will start and all the information is displayed on the webpage.

3.1. Formula

The board’s microcontroller contains an analog to digital converter circuit that reads the shifting voltage and translates it to a number between 0 and 1023. These numbers are proportional to the voltage applied. To get the range from 0 to 6, we divide 6 by 1023 and multiply with the input value from the sensor.

a ¼ ðcurrent=1023Þ 6                                                                      ð Þ

1

v ¼ ðvoltage=1023Þ 6

4. Results and discussions

In the Fig. 3, the current supplied is less than 4A. So, it is less than the threshold level of the current which is already defined in the program. It is inferred from the Fig. 3 that the current is less than the threshold and the voltage is an independent parameter. The power (in Watts) is also displayed on the LCD. In this scenario, where the load is in ON condition (Fig. 2), the user will not receive any message but we can keep track on the level of current, voltage and power through the webpage as well as through the Arduino serial monitor (Figs. 4-6).

In the above figure, the current is more than 4A (Fig. 7). As discussed in the methodology, the threshold voltage is 4A and if the current supplied is more than 4A, the load will be turned off automatically. The values of current and voltage are displayed on LCD as well as in the serial monitor of the Arduino. In addition to these, in case of load off condition user will be notified with a text message. The values of current and voltage are sent via an SMS. If the supplied current is less than the threshold, then the load will be turned ON automatically. A user can get access to current and voltage values through the provided web page (Figs. 8–22).

In addition to the alerts in the times of overload and webpage, this project is also designed to find the faults at the step-down transformers when the supplied voltage is greater than the threshold i.e., 240 V, 50 Hz. Generally, these step-down transformers are used in residential areas. Consider three transformers T1, T2, T3 which are placed at a distance of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m respectively from each other. From the above figures, it is inferred that the voltages are far less than the threshold voltage. So, the errors are not displayed on the serial monitor as well as in the webpage. In case of any overloading conditions, the error messages will be displayed.

Fig. 2. Load ‘‘ON” Condition.                                                                                           

Fig. 7. Load ‘‘OFF” Condition.

     Fig. 3. Current Reading.                                                                     

                                                                                                         Fig. 8. Current Reading.

      Fig. 4. Voltage Reading.                                                                                            

                                                                                                          Fig. 9. Voltage Reading.

Fig. 5. Power Reading.

Fig. 6. Serial Monitor Display.

Fig. 10. Power Reading.