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Ground Grid Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things Technology

The grounding grid plays a crucial role in ensuring safety in many fields such as power systems and communication systems.

gunn

Published December 31, 2025

Original author: Peng Zhang ยท ChinaOriginal source (new tab)

Ground Grid Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things  Technology

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Project description

Title: Ground Grid Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things Technology

(Ground Power Grid Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things Technology)
Publisher: Procedia Computer Science 262 (2025) 1417-1423
Topic: A System for Real-Time Monitoring of the Ground Grid of a Power System Using IoT Technology

๐ŸŽฏ Key Contents

1. Research Background and Necessity

The ground grid is a vital facility for the safety of electrical equipment.
Existing methods: Long inspection cycles, low efficiency, and inability to monitor in real time.
IoT technology enables real-time monitoring and preventive maintenance.

2. System Architecture (3-Layer)

โ‘  Perception Layer: Data collection using various sensors.

Ground resistance sensor (clamp-type)
Soil environment sensor (temperature, humidity, salinity)
Voltage sensor

โ‘ก Network Layer: Data transmission

ZigBee: Short-range, low-power communication between sensor nodes
WiFi: High-speed data transmission near the monitoring center
4G/5G: Wide-area remote monitoring

โ‘ข Application Layer: Data processing and Analysis

Server: Receives, stores, and processes data
Client: Provides a user interface

3. Hardware Design

Microcontroller: STM32F103

Built-in ADC, timer, and communication interface
Sensor data collection and processing

Communication module configuration:

Sensor node โ†” Aggregation node: ZigBee (CC2530)
Aggregation node โ†” Server: Ethernet (W5500) or GPRS/4G/5G

๐Ÿ”Œ The Role and Importance of the W5500

W5500 Usage Cases

Statement in Section 3.1.3 of the paper:

"Ethernet communication is used when the communication between the aggregation node and the server is close and the network environment is good. Using an Ethernet controller chip such as the W5500 allows the aggregation node to be easily connected to a LAN."

The Role of the W5500

Stable Wired Connection: Environments requiring a stable network, such as within a substation
High-Speed โ€‹โ€‹Data Transmission: Real-Time Data Aggregation from Multiple Sensor Nodes
Easy Implementation: Hardware TCP/IP Stack Reduces Microcontroller Load

๐Ÿ”„ Integrated Wired and Wireless Utilization (WiFi-Ethernet) Strategy

Hybrid Communication Architecture

Three-Stage Communication Structure Proposed in the Paper

[Sensor Node] --ZigBee--> [Aggregation Node] --WiFi/Ethernet--> [Local Server] --4G/5G--> [Remote Monitoring Center]

 

Substation ground grid monitoring system:

Short-range: Sensor node โ†’ ZigBee โ†’ Aggregation node
Medium-range: Aggregation node โ†’ Ethernet/WiFi โ†’ Substation internal server
Long-range: Substation server โ†’ GPRS/4G โ†’ Central monitoring center

๐Ÿ“Š Practical application effects

Fault prevention examples

Detection of an increase in ground resistance from 0.5ฮฉ to 0.65ฮฉ (exceeding the threshold of 0.54ฮฉ)
Automatic alarm โ†’ Rapid on-site action
Cause: Ground electrode oxidation due to soil drying

 

๐ŸŽ“ Conclusions and implications

Technical achievements

Real-time Monitoring: Traditional 6-month cycle โ†’ 24-hour continuous monitoring
Predictive maintenance: Seasonal normal range prediction (0.3-0.6ฮฉ in spring)
Intelligent fault diagnosis: Machine learning-based fault type classification

Market opportunities from the perspective of the WIZnet W5500

Industrial IoT Market: Power/communication infrastructure monitoring
Industrial environments where stability is critical
 

Hybrid networking: Convenience of WiFi + Stability of Ethernet
Selecting the optimal communication method for each situation
 

Edge Computing: Local data processing with the W5500 at the aggregation node
Reducing cloud load

This paper provides a good example of how the W5500 can be utilized as a reliable data transmission solution in IoT monitoring systems. Specifically, it provides the flexibility to select the optimal communication method for each situation in an integrated wired/wireless environment.

================

๐Ÿ“‹ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ฐœ์š”

์ œ๋ชฉ: Ground Grid Monitoring System Based on Internet of Things Technology

(์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ง€์ƒ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ง ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ)
์ถœํŒ: Procedia Computer Science 262 (2025) 1417-1423
์ฃผ์ œ: ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ ‘์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ IoT ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ

๐ŸŽฏ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ

1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ

  • ์ ‘์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์‹œ์„ค
  • ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ์‹: ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ, ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€
  • IoT ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋น„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ

2. ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜ (3๊ณ„์ธต)

โ‘  ์ธ์‹ ๊ณ„์ธต: ๊ฐ์ข… ์„ผ์„œ๋กœ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘

  • ์ ‘์ง€ ์ €ํ•ญ ์„ผ์„œ (ํด๋žจํ”„ํ˜•)
  • ํ† ์–‘ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์„ผ์„œ (์˜จ์Šต๋„, ์—ผ๋ถ„ ๋†๋„)
  • ์ „์•• ์„ผ์„œ

โ‘ก ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„์ธต: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก

  • ZigBee: ์„ผ์„œ ๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ฐ„ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ํ†ต์‹ 
  • WiFi: ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ณ ์† ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก
  • 4G/5G: ๊ด‘์—ญ ์›๊ฒฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง

โ‘ข ์‘์šฉ ๊ณ„์ธต: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„

  • ์„œ๋ฒ„: ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ , ์ €์žฅ, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ
  • ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ: ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ์ œ๊ณต

3. ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„

๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ: STM32F103

  • ADC, ํƒ€์ด๋จธ, ํ†ต์‹  ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜์ด์Šค ๋‚ด์žฅ
  • ์„ผ์„œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ

ํ†ต์‹  ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ:

  • ์„ผ์„œ ๋…ธ๋“œ โ†” ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ: ZigBee (CC2530)
  • ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ โ†” ์„œ๋ฒ„: Ethernet (W5500) ๋˜๋Š” GPRS/4G/5G

3. ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์„ค๊ณ„

๐Ÿ”Œ W5500์˜ ์—ญํ•  ๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ

W5500 ํ™œ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€

๋…ผ๋ฌธ 3.1.3์ ˆ์—์„œ ๋ช…์‹œ:

"์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์‹ ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์ข‹์„ ๋•Œ Ethernet ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. W5500๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ Ethernet ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ ์นฉ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ๋ฅผ LAN์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค."

W5500์˜ ์—ญํ• 

  1. ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์œ ์„  ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ: ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ
  2. ๊ณ ์† ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก: ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์„ผ์„œ ๋…ธ๋“œ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ง‘๊ณ„
  3. ๊ฐ„ํŽธํ•œ ๊ตฌํ˜„: ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด TCP/IP ์Šคํƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ปจํŠธ๋กค๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ€๋‹ด ๊ฐ์†Œ

๐Ÿ”„ ์œ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ด์šฉ (WiFi-Ethernet) ์ „๋žต

ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ํ†ต์‹  ์•„ํ‚คํ…์ฒ˜

๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” 3๋‹จ๊ณ„ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ตฌ์กฐ

[์„ผ์„œ ๋…ธ๋“œ] --ZigBee--> [์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ] --WiFi/Ethernet--> [๋กœ์ปฌ ์„œ๋ฒ„] --4G/5G--> [์›๊ฒฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„ผํ„ฐ]

ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์„ ํƒ ๊ธฐ์ค€

ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์žฅ์ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€
WiFi๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜๊ณ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„“์€ ์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๋‚ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋…ธ๋“œ
Ethernet (W5500)์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ LAN ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์†, ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ์ €์ง€์—ฐ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ
4G/5G๊ด‘์—ญ ์›๊ฒฉ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง๋„“์€ ์ปค๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€, ์ €์ง€์—ฐ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก

์‹ค์ œ ์ ์šฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ (๋…ผ๋ฌธ 4.1์ ˆ)

๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ์ ‘์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ:

  1. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ: ์„ผ์„œ ๋…ธ๋“œ โ†’ ZigBee โ†’ ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ
  2. ์ค‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ: ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ โ†’ Ethernet/WiFi โ†’ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์„œ๋ฒ„
  3. ์›๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ: ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ์„œ๋ฒ„ โ†’ GPRS/4G โ†’ ์ค‘์•™ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์„ผํ„ฐ

๐Ÿ“Š ์‹ค์ œ ์ ์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ

๊ณ ์žฅ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์‚ฌ๋ก€

  • ์ ‘์ง€ ์ €ํ•ญ 0.5ฮฉ โ†’ 0.65ฮฉ ์ƒ์Šน ๊ฐ์ง€ (์ž„๊ณ„๊ฐ’ 0.54ฮฉ ์ดˆ๊ณผ)
  • ์ž๋™ ๊ฒฝ๋ณด โ†’ ์‹ ์† ํ˜„์žฅ ์กฐ์น˜
  • ์›์ธ: ํ† ์–‘ ๊ฑด์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ ‘์ง€ ์ „๊ทน ์‚ฐํ™”

์šด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ์„  (50๊ฐœ ๋ณ€์ „์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ค€)

ํ•ญ๋ชฉ๊ธฐ์กด ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋ฐฉ์‹IoT ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ
์ธ๋ ฅ ํˆฌ์ž…5๋ช…2๋ช…
์†Œ์š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„3์ผ0.5์ผ

๐ŸŽ“ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ 

๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ

  1. ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง: ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ โ†’ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ์† ๊ฐ์‹œ
  2. ์˜ˆ์ธก ์ •๋น„: ๊ณ„์ ˆ๋ณ„ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์˜ˆ์ธก (๋ด„์ฒ  0.3-0.6ฮฉ)
  3. ์ง€๋Šฅํ˜• ๊ณ ์žฅ ์ง„๋‹จ: ๋จธ์‹ ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ ์žฅ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

 

Zigbee (CC2530): ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ์„ผ์„œ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ์ €์ „๋ ฅ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌด์„ ๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
W5500 (Ethernet): ์–ด๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์ด์…˜ ๋…ธ๋“œ์™€ ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ณ  ์œ ์„ ๋ง์ด ๊ฐ€์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ESP8266 ๋“ฑ (GPRS/4G/5G): ์œ ์„ ๋ง ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์›๊ฒฉ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋ฒ„๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

WIZnet W5500 ๊ด€์ ์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ธฐํšŒ

  1. ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ IoT ์‹œ์žฅ:
    • ์ „๋ ฅ/ํ†ต์‹  ์ธํ”„๋ผ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง
    • ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ
  2. ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํ‚น:
    • WiFi์˜ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ + Ethernet์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ
    • ์ƒํ™ฉ๋ณ„ ์ตœ์  ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์„ ํƒ
  3. Edge Computing:
    • ์ง‘๊ณ„ ๋…ธ๋“œ์—์„œ W5500๋กœ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ
    • ํด๋ผ์šฐ๋“œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ

์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ W5500์ด IoT ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์†ก ์†”๋ฃจ์…˜์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์œ ๋ฌด์„  ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

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