--- title: "Voltage Quality in Distribution Systems for Smart Cities Using Energy Internet" url: "https://maker.wiznet.io/Sushma_WIZnet/projects/voltage-quality-in-distribution-systems-for-smart-cities-using-energy-internet/" markdown_url: "https://maker.wiznet.io/Sushma_WIZnet/projects/voltage-quality-in-distribution-systems-for-smart-cities-using-energy-internet/md" type: "UCC: User Created Content" author: "Sushma_WIZnet" author_url: "https://maker.wiznet.io/Sushma_WIZnet/" original_url: "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-00353-1_11" published: "2022-10-18" language: "en" hardware: ["WIZnet W5100"] likes: 2 views: 1291 comments: 0 source: "WIZnet Makers (https://maker.wiznet.io/)" --- # Voltage Quality in Distribution Systems for Smart Cities Using Energy Internet > Smart city include information and communication technologies (ICT), devices, services and intelligent administration. Original source: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-00353-1_11 ## Components - **WIZnet W5100** x 1 ([docs](https://docs.wiznet.io/Product/Chip/Ethernet/W5100)) - Software: **Arduino IDE** ([docs](https://www.arduino.cc/en/software)) ## Article **Introduction** Energy Internet promotes the interaction between the exchange and personalization of the electric power value chain, since it is no longer just a type of service but it is becoming a technological support platform and a generalized resource, which can transform the lifestyle of consumers and the commercial operation of the companies providing the service. The penetration of renewable energy within Smart cities in the electrical grid requires the voltage quality, since possible disturbances such as flickers, harmonics, etc., can spread and degrade the performance of loads. The development of meters minimizes costs because they record the energy service continuity allowing the location and detection of faults, besides providing information of possible compensation by the service providers, if the maximum admissible values of duration and frequency of interruptions have been exceeded. **Methodology and Analysis Approach ** The methodology that will be followed for the development of this investigation consists in the next four points and will be discussed through the current section: (1) Regulatory framework in Colombia. (2) Prototype design to determine DES (Duration Equivalent of Service interruptions), FES (Frequency Equivalent of service interruptions) and Voltage Quality indicators. (3) Web application model. (4) Pilot Tests. **Data Acquisition System ** The system for data acquisition is made up of six (6) stages that are observed as a whole in Fig. 2 by means of a block diagram of the System, which operates as follows: (1) The voltage measurement is made through the measurement transformer that reduces the voltage signal from 120 to 12 V of alternating current, primary tension 120 V, secondary tension 12 V ac, dielectric rigidity between 3600 V, protection IP00, frequency 60 Hz. (2) The resistive divider reduces the entering 12 V to 2.4 V which is the output voltage of the resistive divider that enters to the digital analog converter. The voltage of 2.4 V has been selected because it enables the system so that it can operate with supply voltages of up to 240 V, in which case the output voltage of the divider would be 4.8 V, voltage admissible without risks by the digital analog converter. (3) Analog to Digital Converter, which allows having 65535 possible values for the readings of the 2.4 V, (4) The signal output of the digitized voltage in 16 bits, is serialized and communicated to the ATM 328 processor, by means of the I2C communication protocol, which uses two bits to make transfer data. (5) The data signal containing the voltage value is processed in the microprocessor according to the algorithms that recover the value of the measurement and status of the energy service that is monitored. The code that implements the web server is also implemented in the processor, the MAC (Media Access Control address), IP (Internet Protocol) address and communications port of the device are defined, finally, (6) The integrated circuit **W5100 **receives the processor data through Serial protocol Peripheral Interface-SPI, in order to transmit them to the Web. ![](https://maker.wiznet.io/upload/ckeditor5/945076812%5F1666709937%2Epng) Block Diagram of the prototype design The structure described above conforms the voltage meter and the monitor of the operation status of the network that allows measuring the interruptions to determine the DES and FES indicators, object of the present investigation. The meter is invoked through a high-level HTTP protocol of the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model. **Web Application Model to Determine Indicators ** The model of the web application for processing the data obtained by the measurement system on a personal computer is implemented as a three-layer application, separating the presentation layer or graphical user interface from the application logic and persistence (database), as shown in Fig. Layer architectonic model. Isolation from one layer to another allows the application to migrate or operate on multiple platforms, including mobile devices in the future. ![](https://maker.wiznet.io/upload/ckeditor5/945076812%5F1666710707%2Epng) Layer architectonic model **Conclusion** The design and implementation of the system to establish the indicators DES, FES and voltage quality, it could be classified as a precision instrument, with the option of carrying out the certification process to be used in commercial applications. Of course, Voltage Quality in Distribution Systems for Smart Cities 133 the above will require more tests and above all a construction process where the elements that were used can be integrated in a reduced space. --- Source: https://maker.wiznet.io/Sushma_WIZnet/projects/voltage-quality-in-distribution-systems-for-smart-cities-using-energy-internet/